They were driven to commit acts of terror by the lack of legitimate routes for political campaigning and by the violence perpetrated by the regime itself against those who tried to protest. “The real terrorist women of Russia were, above all, individuals who were motivated by a deep sense of the political and economic injustice of the Tsarist autocracy. The novel reflects the reality of the Russian and other revolutions where women played a full part. Now Anna must continue the revolutionary struggle, knowing that to do so will mean sacrificing everything she holds dear. On 9 January 1905, a workers’ protest is massacred by Tsarist soldiers, with tragic results for the three friends. As Anna finds new purpose to her life and falls in love, the violent struggle against the Tsar escalates. Anna enrols at university and is befriended by twins, Rosa and Boris, who draw her into the revolutionary movement. Tsarist Russia, 1904: a time of war, shortages, and popular unrest. Similar conservation actions to try to improve habitats in these areas would be prudent, but further research is needed before specific targeted actions for Blackbird can be proposed.Set against the Russian Revolution of 1905, a prelude to that of 1917, this novel explores the complexity of relationships and motivations that lead to acts of rebellion. Much of the population of this species lives in woodland and urban areas, where declines have also occurred. 2017), and therefore policies that encourage damper soil may benefit Blackbirds, e.g. During the breeding season, soil moisture can affect breeding success ( Miller et al. As Blackbird is a partial migrant, local conservation actions to support birds in winter will not necessarily benefit local populations, and changes over a large scale may hence be required in order for conservation actions to have a significant effect on British (and European) populations. wild bird seed or cover mixtures, set-aside or grass buffer strips/margins. These could include providing supplementary food over winter, managing hedgerows or woodland habitat for wildlife, and providing additional habitat, e.g. Blackbird numbers did increase from the late 1990s until around 2010, suggesting that the earlier issues may no longer be occurring, but these increases have stalled and numbers remain substantially lower than in the late 1960s.ĭecreases in farmland may relate to agricultural intensification, where conservation actions to support other species may also benefit Blackbird, particularly those that could aid survival as this is suspected to be the main cause of the decline. The causes of the decline from the 1970s to the mid-1990s are uncertain and hence it is also unclear which conservation actions will be most likely to help reverse the declines. Analysis of nest record data suggests that different factors may affect nest survival in urban and countryside habitats, and that nest productivity is higher in intermediate (urban rural) habitats ( Miller et al. 1995) but, since numbers fell in woodland as well as farmland, additional factors probably operated. Agricultural intensification is likely to have contributed to the population decline ( Fuller et al. Fledgling numbers per breeding attempt increased during the population decline and are now decreasing again, suggesting that productivity is density-dependent. Subsequent demographic analysis of national data indicates that annual population changes actually correlate best with adult survival, although population processes appear to differ between eastern and western Britain ( Robinson et al. However, the 2010 study covered a small geographical area and the survival rates from this area may not be representative of the whole of the UK. 2010a) the survival rates found by this study were similar to those found by an earlier study in the 1970s ( Batten 1978). Adult survival in an intensive colour-ringing study was lowest in the spring during the early breeding season and highest during the autumn ( Robinson et al. 1998a), although there has been little overall change in survival as recorded by CES since 1983. It is likely that reduced survival drove the decline ( Siriwardena et al. Agricultural intensification may have contributed to the decline in farmland, but other factors probably operated in woodland and urban habitats.ĬBC results show that the decline began in the mid 1970s. The causes of change are uncertain although it is likely that reduced survival drove the initial declines.
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